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Costa Rican exceptionalism is deeply ingrained in the national psyche of this country, a place that has long defined itself by the many ways in which it is not like the rest of Central America.
Even through the darkest years of the Cold War, when hundreds of thousands were killed in civil conflicts across the region, Costa Rica remained a sunny, stable democracy that had proudly abolished its army and invested in public health and education instead.
Today Costa Rica draws nearly a million U.S. tourists each year to its beaches and national parks. It has traffic cops who don’t expect bribes, tap water you can drink and a national motto — “pura vida” (pure life) — that serves as a greeting, a farewell and an all-around expression of tropical beatitude.
And now, with Mexican drug cartels moving in, Costa Rican exceptionalism is being challenged by the same criminal forces dragging down the rest of Central America.
Costa Rican officials and U.S. drug agents say this country of 4.6 million is one more chess piece in the traffickers’ push for control of smuggling routes through the region, now the primary conveyance for billions’ worth of South American cocaine bound for the United States. Costa Rica’s cops, courts and politicians have never confronted a test like the one they are facing from the vast corrupting powers of the cartels, Costa Rican President Laura Chinchilla said in an interview with The Washington Post.
“I don’t remember in our whole history a menace like this menace from organized crime,” said Chinchilla, who was elected Costa Rica’s first female president in February 2010 on a law-and-order campaign that tapped into voters’ growing security fears.
“It doesn’t matter what kind of ideology your government has, whether it’s left or right,” she said. “This has to do with the survival of our institutions.”
Costa Rica is still Central America’s least violent country, but the homicide rate here has nearly doubled since 2004, and record amounts of drugs have been seized as the government embarks on an unprecedented expansion of its security forces, with millions in U.S. assistance.
Smugglers have been moving Colombian cocaine through Costa Rican waters and up the Pan-American Highway for decades, but in recent years, Mexican cartels have established “command and control” operations inside the country, according to a senior U.S. narcotics agent working in the region.
Instead of rushing their drug loads through Costa Rican territory, traffickers are increasingly using the country as a cocaine storage depot, said the official, speaking on the condition of anonymity per security protocols. The smugglers warehouse drug shipments along the coast or in safehouses near the Pan-American Highway until they’re ready to continue moving the cargo north.
“This is a perfect location, and when you have a country with no army, that is extremely worried with people’s privacy rights, who is going to stop them?” the U.S. official said.
Mexico’s Sinaloa cartel has had a presence in Costa Rica for many years, but rival trafficking groups are now muscling in, Costa Rican officials say. Their nightmare is that the country could become another drug war battleground, like Honduras, which now has the highest homicide rate in the world, or Guatemala, where alleged members of Mexico’s Zetas cartel massacred 27 people on a jungle ranch in March 2010, decapitating their victims to stoke maximum terror.
“We can’t wait until the day that two pickup trucks loaded with 20 cadavers show up in a Costa Rican city,” said Security Minister Mario Zamora, shuddering at the thought of what that would do to the country’s tourism-dependent economy. “We have to take measures now.”
A holistic approach
Beefing up Costa Rica’s security forces is also a priority for the United States, which has helped build a new police academy, a national intelligence center to eavesdrop on phone communications, and highway checkpoints with cargo-scanning equipment. But many vulnerabilities remain, and Costa Rica didn’t even have a centralized database with the country’s criminal records until this year.
“You don’t need to build an army, but you do need the mindset that you must campaign against those forces that threaten your culture and your beliefs,” U.S. Ambassador Anne Andrew said. “That is something Costa Rica needs to step up to.”
As Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and others in the region send soldiers into the streets to meet the escalating threat from the cartels, authorities here insist they will wage the drug war the Costa Rican way, taking a holistic approach that emphasizes community policing, social programs and a strong legal system.
“A lot of other countries in our region are using their armies, but it’s not to bring more force or firepower,” said Zamora, the security minister. “When people want soldiers in the streets, it’s because the police lack legitimacy.”
Keeping that legitimacy is key to resisting the criminals, he said, one reason Costa Rican officials insisted that their new police academy will be carbon-neutral, in keeping with the country’s environmental ethos. “We have to uphold our values,” said Zamora, insisting that Costa Rica’s relatively high levels of public trust in government institutions are its best defense against organized crime and corruption.
But for good measure, Costa Rica is also boosting its conventional forces. Here in Puerto Caldera, the country’s main Pacific port, a new Coast Guard station opened in April 2011 with $3 million in American funding, part of the roughly $500 million in security assistance to Central America that has been allocated by Congress since 2008.
The United States also donated two high-speed “interceptor” boats designed to chase down the smugglers who zip north from Colombia along Costa Rica’s jagged Pacific Coast. Before this year, the country didn't have any such vessels.
Still, when asked whether the boats had made a difference in their enforcement efforts, Costa Rican Coast Guard officers shook their heads. The smugglers are already changing tactics, they said, moving cocaine in semi-submersible vessels far out to sea — well beyond the range of the new U.S. boats — or in slow-moving fishing trawlers that stash drug loads in their holds or hidden beneath thousands of pounds of fish and ice.
Coast Guard officers said they recently caught a fishing boat towing 500 kilograms of cocaine in water-tight bundles below the surface, ready to cut the lines and sink the load if the authorities came too close. “It looked like a chain of sausages,” said Coast Guard Col. Miguel Madrigal. “It was pretty ingenious, actually.”
Madrigal and other officers here say the decline of fishing stocks in Costa Rican waters and new catch restrictions have pushed more local fisherman into working for the cartels. For one-time payments of $20,000 or the equivalent in cocaine, the fisherman ferry drug loads to shore or deliver fuel out to sea so smugglers can continue moving north without having to come ashore.
Crime increase
More cocaine in Costa Rica has meant more local drug dealing and consumption, fueling petty crime and violence in a corrosive cycle that has spread across Central America. Costa Rica’s urban areas and beach towns have been hit by a surge in crack cocaine use.
Many of the roughly 60,000 American expatriates living in Costa Rica also live in those coastal areas, and some have responded by forming neighborhood watch committees not unlike those in U.S. suburbs, amid worries that the country’s “pura vida” ways could be imperiled.
“Historically, we’ve been on a long honeymoon,” said Jim Damalas, a refugee from the L.A. advertising industry who built an award-winning, green-certified resort outside the town of Quepos with panoramic views of the Pacific, Si Como No. “That is a privilege some of us have taken for granted, and it’s what could get us into trouble,” he said.