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About 13 percent of South Africa is still held as communal land. International mining houses often cut deals with leaders of these lands to get access for new operations.
As Africa's largest utility shifts its policies and the world slowly moves toward renewables, South Africa's coal mines are increasingly abandoned.
Brought to informal settlements among coal piles and coal-fired power stations by the possibility of employment, residents in Mpumalanga face the constant complications surrounding relocation.
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